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| Introduction | Serbia and Montenegro |
| Background: | The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 was resisted by various paramilitary bands that fought each other as well as the invaders. The group headed by Marshal TITO took full control upon German expulsion in 1945. Although Communist, his new government and its successors (he died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In the early 1990s, post-TITO Yugoslavia began to unravel along ethnic lines: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina were recognized as independent states in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" (FRY) in April 1992 and, under President Slobodan MILOSEVIC, Serbia led various military intervention efforts to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." All of these efforts were ultimately unsuccessful and led to Yugoslavia being ousted from the UN in 1992. In 1999, massive expulsions by FRY forces and Serb paramilitaries of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo provoked an international response, including the NATO bombing of Serbia and the stationing of NATO, Russian, and other peacekeepers in Kosovo. Federal elections in the fall of 2000, brought about the ouster of MILOSEVIC and installed Vojislav KOSTUNICA as president. The arrest of MILOSEVIC in 2001 allowed for his subsequent transfer to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague to be tried for crimes against humanity. In 2001, the country's suspension from the UN was lifted, and it was once more accepted into UN organizations under the name of Yugoslavia. Kosovo has been governed by the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) since June 1999, under the authority of UN Security Council Resolution 1244. In 2002, the Serbian and Montenegrin components of Yugoslavia began negotiations to forge a looser relationship. These talks became a reality in February 2003 when lawmakers restructured the country into a loose federation of two republics called Serbia and Montenegro. An agreement was also reached to permit a referendum in each republic in three years on full independence. |
| People | Serbia and Montenegro |
| Population: | 10,825,900 (July 2004 est.) |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 18.3% (male 1,027,479; female 956,681) 15-64 years: 66.8% (male 3,602,959; female 3,627,616) 65 years and over: 14.9% (male 693,929; female 917,236) (2004 est.) |
| Median age: | total: 36.6 years male: 35.1 years female: 38.1 years (2004 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | 0.03% (2004 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 12.13 births/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
| Death rate: | 10.53 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | -1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2004 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 13.43 deaths/1,000 live births female: 11.68 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 15.04 deaths/1,000 live births |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 74.4 years male: 71.9 years female: 77.12 years (2004 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 1.67 children born/woman (2004 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.2% (2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 10,000 (2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths: | less than 100 (2001 est.) |
| Nationality: | noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s) adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin |
| Ethnic groups: | Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6% (1991) |
| Religions: | Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11% |
| Languages: | Serbian 95%, Albanian 5% |
| Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 93% male: 97.2% female: 88.9% (1991) |
| Government | Serbia and Montenegro |
| Country name: | conventional long form: Serbia and Montenegro conventional short form: none local short form: none former: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia local long form: Srbija i Crna Gora abbreviation: SCG |
| Government type: | republic |
| Capital: | Belgrade |
| Administrative divisions: | 2 republics (republike, singular - republika); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces* (autonomn pokrajine, singular - autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina* |
| Independence: | 27 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or FRY - now Serbia and Montenegro - formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY) |
| National holiday: | National Day, 27 April |
| Constitution: | 4 February 2003 |
| Legal system: | based on civil law system |
| Suffrage: | 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal |
| Executive branch: | chief of state: President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government elections: president elected by the Parliament for a four-year term; election last held 7 March 2003 (next to be held NA 2007); prime minister appointed by the president head of government: President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Federal Ministries act as Cabinet election results: Svetozar MAROVIC elected president by the Parliament; vote was Svetozar MAROVIC 65, other 47 |
| Legislative branch: | unicameral Parliament (126 seats - 91 Serbian, 35 Montenegrin - filled by nominees of the two state parliaments for the first two years, after which the president will call for public elections election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DOS 37, DLECG 19, DSS 17, ZP 14, SPS 12, SRS 8, SDP 5, SSJ 5, other 9 elections: last held 25 February 2003 (next to be held NA 2005) |
| Judicial branch: | Federal Court or Savezni Sud; Constitutional Court; judges for both courts are elected by the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms note: since the promulgation of the 2003 Constitution, the Federal Court has constitutional and administrative functions; it has an equal number of judges from each republic |
| Political parties and leaders: | Democratic Opposition of Serbia or DOS (a coalition of many small parties including DSS; it disbanded in November 2003) [leader NA]; Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Jozsef KASZA]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president]; Democratic List for European Montenegro or DLECG [Milo DJUKANOVIC, Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Democratic Party or DS [Boris TADIC]; Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; G17+ [Miroljub LABUS]; Party of Serb Unity or SSJ [Borislav PELEVIC]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Tomislav NIKOLIC]; Serbian Socialist Party or SPS (former Communist Party and party of Slobodan MILOSEVIC) [Zoran ANDJELKOVIC, general secretary]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Rasim LJAJIC] |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: | Otpor Student Resistance Movement [leader NA]; Political Council for Presevo, Meveda and Bujanovac or PCPMB [leader NA] |
| International organization participation: | CE, CEI, EBRD, FAO, G- 9, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISET, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer) |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Ivan VUJACIC chancery: 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 FAX: [1] (202) 332-3933 consulate(s) general: Chicago telephone: [1] (202) 332-0333 |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Michael C. POLT embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade mailing address: 5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070 telephone: [381] (11) 361-9344 FAX: [381] (11) 361-8230 consulate(s): Podgornica |
| Flag description: | three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red |
| Communications | Serbia and Montenegro |
| Telephones - main lines in use: | 2,611,700 (2003) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular: | 3,634,600 (2003) |
| Telephone system: | general assessment: NA domestic: NA international: country code - 381; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) |
| Radio broadcast stations: | AM 113, FM 194, shortwave 2 (1998) |
| Radios: | 3.15 million (1997) |
| Television broadcast stations: | more than 771 (including 86 strong stations and 685 low-power stations, plus 20 repeaters in the principal networks; also numerous local or private stations in Serbia and Vojvodina) (1997) |
| Televisions: | 2.75 million (1997) |
| Internet country code: | .yu |
| Internet hosts: | 20,207 (2004) |
| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 9 (2000) |
| Internet users: | 847,000 (2003) |
| Transportation | Serbia and Montenegro |
| Railways: | total: 4,380 km standard gauge: 4,380 km 1.435-m gauge (1,445 km electrified) (2003) |
| Highways: | total: 49,805 km paved: 31,029 km (including 560 km of expressways) unpaved: 18,776 km (2000) |
| Waterways: | 587 km note: Danube River traffic delayed by pontoon bridge at Novi Sad; plan to replace by summer of 2005 (2004) |
| Pipelines: | gas 3,177 km; oil 393 km (2004) |
| Ports and harbors: | Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat, Zelenika |
| Airports: | 45 (2003 est.) |
| Airports - with paved runways: | total: 19 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 |
| Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 25 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.) |
| Heliports: | 4 (2003 est.) |
| Military | Serbia and Montenegro |
| Military branches: | Army (VJ) (including ground forces with border troops, naval forces, air and air defense forces) |
| Military manpower - military age and obligation: | 19 years of age (nine months compulsory service) (2004) |
| Military manpower - availability: | males age 15-49: 2,718,234 (2004 est.) |
| Military manpower - fit for military service: | males age 15-49: 2,184,937 (2004 est.) |
| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: | males: 81,245 (2004 est.) |
| Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $654 million (2002) |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | NA |
| Transnational Issues | Serbia and Montenegro |
| Disputes - international: | the future status of Kosovo remains an unresolved issue in South Central Europe with Kosovo Albanians overwhelmingly supporting and Serbian officials opposing Kosovo independence; the international community has agreed to begin a process to determine final status only after significant progress has been made in solidifying multi-ethnic democracy in Kosovo as outlined in the policy of "standards before status"; the Contact group (including the US, UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Russia) will review progress on the UNMIK standard around mid-2005; ethnic Albanians in Kosovo resist demarcation of the F.Y.R.O.M. boundary in accordance with the 2000 delimitation treaty, which transfers on net a small amount of land to F.Y.R.O.M.; Serbia and Montenegro have delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute |
| Refugees and internally displaced persons: | refugees (country of origin): 99,170 (Bosnia), 188,656 (Croatia) IDPs: 225,000 (mostly ethnic Serbs and Roma who fled Kosovo in 1999) (2004) |
| Illicit drugs: | transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering |
| This page was last updated on 16 December, 2004 |
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