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| Introduction | Mongolia |
| Background: | The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Genghis KHAN they conquered a huge Eurasian empire. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and later came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. A Communist regime was installed in 1924. During the early 1990s, the ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) gradually yielded its monopoly on power to the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC), which defeated the MPRP in a national election in 1996. Since then, elections returned the MPRP overwhelmingly to power in 2000 and ended in a split vote in 2004. |
| People | Mongolia |
| Population: | 2,751,314 (July 2004 est.) |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 29.7% (male 415,735; female 400,560) 15-64 years: 66.7% (male 916,445; female 918,235) 65 years and over: 3.6% (male 43,205; female 57,134) (2004 est.) |
| Median age: | total: 23.9 years male: 23.6 years female: 24.3 years (2004 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | 1.43% (2004 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 21.44 births/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
| Death rate: | 7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2004 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 55.45 deaths/1,000 live births female: 51.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 58.97 deaths/1,000 live births |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 64.17 years male: 61.97 years female: 66.48 years (2004 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 2.27 children born/woman (2004 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | less than 0.1% (2003 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | less than 500 (2003 est) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths: | less than 200 (2003 est.) |
| Nationality: | noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: Mongolian |
| Ethnic groups: | Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000) |
| Religions: | Buddhist Lamaist 50%, none 40%, Shamanist and Christian 6%, Muslim 4% (2004) |
| Languages: | Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) |
| Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.8% male: 98% female: 97.5% (2002) |
| Government | Mongolia |
| Country name: | conventional long form: none conventional short form: Mongolia local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer Mongolia local long form: none |
| Government type: | parliamentary |
| Capital: | Ulaanbaatar |
| Administrative divisions: | 21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Govi-Altay, Govi-Sumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs |
| Independence: | 11 July 1921 (from China) |
| National holiday: | Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921) |
| Constitution: | 12 February 1992 |
| Legal system: | blend of Soviet, German, and US systems of law that combines aspects of a parliamentary system with some aspects of a presidential system; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
| Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal |
| Executive branch: | chief of state: President Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (since 20 June 1997) head of government: Prime Minister Tsakhiagiyn ELBEGDORJ (since 20 August 2004) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural in consultation with the president elections: president nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held in May 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural; election last held 27 July 2004 (next to be held in June 2008) election results: Natsagiyn BAGABANDI reelected president; percent of vote - Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (MPRP) 58.13%, Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (DP) 36.58%, Luvsandamba DASHNYAM (CWP) 3.54%, other 1.75%; Tsakkhiagiyn ELBEGDOJ elected prime minister by the State Great Hural 74 to 0 |
| Legislative branch: | unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 27 June 2004 (next to be held in June 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPRP 36, MDC 34, others 4; note - 2 seats undecided |
| Judicial branch: | Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts for approval by the president) |
| Political parties and leaders: | Citizens' Will Republican Party or CWRP (also called Civil Courage Republican Party or CCRP) [Sanjaasurengiin OYUUN]; Democratic Party or DP [M. ENKHSAIKHAN]; Motherland-Mongolian New Socialist Democratic Party or M-MNSDP [B. ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR]; Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIKHAN] note: The CWRP, DP, and M-MNSDP formed the Motherland-Democracy Coalition or MDC for the 2004 elections; the leader of the coalition is M. ENKHSAIKHAN |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: | NA |
| International organization participation: | ARF, AsDB, CP, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Ravdangiyn BOLD chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 consulate(s) general: New York FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227 telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117 |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Pamela J. SLUTZ embassy: Micro Region 11, Big Ring Road, C.P.O. 1021, Ulaanbaatar 13 mailing address: PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002 telephone: [976] (11) 329095 FAX: [976] (11) 320776 |
| Flag description: | three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol) |
| Communications | Mongolia |
| Telephones - main lines in use: | 128,000 (2002) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular: | 216,000 (2002) |
| Telephone system: | general assessment: very low density: about 3.5 telephones for each thousand persons domestic: NA international: country code - 976; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region) |
| Radio broadcast stations: | AM 7, FM 9, shortwave 4 (2001) |
| Radios: | 155,900 (1999) |
| Television broadcast stations: | 9 (plus 18 provincial repeaters and many low power repeaters) (2004) |
| Televisions: | 168,800 (1999) |
| Internet country code: | .mn |
| Internet hosts: | 40 (2003) |
| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 5 (2001) |
| Internet users: | 50,000 (2002) |
| Transportation | Mongolia |
| Railways: | 1,810 km broad gauge: 1,810 km 1.524-m gauge (2004) |
| Highways: | total: 49,250 km paved: 1,724 km unpaved: 47,526 km (2003) |
| Waterways: | 580 km note: only waterway in operation is Lake Khovsgol (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orkhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers freeze in winter, are open from May to September (2004) |
| Ports and harbors: | none |
| Merchant marine: | total: 65 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 339,423 GRT/533,853 DWT foreign-owned: Belize 1, Cambodia 1, China 4, Cuba 1, Hong Kong 2, Indonesia 1, Japan 1, North Korea 1, Lebanon 1, Malaysia 1, Malta 1, Marshall Islands 5, Moldova 1, Panama 3, Romania 1, Russia 14, Singapore 13, Syria 4, Thailand 1, Turkey 1, Ukraine 1, United States 3, Vietnam 4 (2003 est.) by type: bulk 4, cargo 53, chemical tanker 1, container 2, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 1, specialized tanker 1 |
| Airports: | 36 (2003 est.) |
| Airports - with paved runways: | total: 11 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 (2003 est.) |
| Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 25 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 under 914 m: 5 (2003 est.) 914 to 1,523 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 over 3,047 m: 2 |
| Heliports: | 2 (2003 est.) |
| Military | Mongolia |
| Military branches: | Mongolian People's Army (comprising Ground Forces, Air Defense Forces), Border Guards, Internal Security Forces, Construction Corps Forces, Civil Defense Authority |
| Military manpower - military age and obligation: | 18-25 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 12 months (2004) |
| Military manpower - availability: | males age 15-49: 818,977 (2004 est.) |
| Military manpower - fit for military service: | males age 15-49: 530,594 (2004 est.) |
| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: | males: 33,718 (2004 est.) |
| Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $23.1 million (FY02) |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 2.2% (FY02) |
| Transnational Issues | Mongolia |
| Disputes - international: | none |
| This page was last updated on 16 December, 2004 |
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