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| Introduction | Indonesia |
| Background: | The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state. Current issues include: alleviating widespread poverty, preventing terrorism, continuing the transition to popularly-elected governments after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing reforms of the banking sector, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, and resolving armed separatist movements in Aceh and Papua. |
| People | Indonesia |
| Population: | 238,452,952 (July 2004 est.) |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 29.4% (male 35,635,790; female 34,416,854) 15-64 years: 65.5% (male 78,097,767; female 78,147,909) 65 years and over: 5.1% (male 5,308,986; female 6,845,646) (2004 est.) |
| Median age: | total: 26.1 years male: 25.7 years female: 26.6 years (2004 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | 1.49% (2004 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 21.11 births/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
| Death rate: | 6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2004 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 36.82 deaths/1,000 live births female: 31.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 42.09 deaths/1,000 live births |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 69.26 years male: 66.84 years female: 71.8 years (2004 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 2.47 children born/woman (2004 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.1% (2003 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 110,000 (2003 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 2,400 (2003 est.) |
| Nationality: | noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian |
| Ethnic groups: | Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26% |
| Religions: | Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998) |
| Languages: | Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese |
| Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 87.9% male: 92.5% female: 83.4% (2002) |
| Government | Indonesia |
| Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies local short form: Indonesia |
| Government type: | republic |
| Capital: | Jakarta |
| Administrative divisions: | 27 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*; note - with the implementation of decentralization on 1 January 2001, the 357 districts or regencies became the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services note: following the 30 August 1999 provincial referendum for independence that was overwhelmingly approved by the people of Timor Timur and the October 1999 concurrence of Indonesia's national legislature, the name Timor Leste (East Timor) was adopted as the name for the political entity formerly known as Propinsi Timor Timur; East Timor gained its formal independence on 20 May 2002 |
| Independence: | 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence) note: on 27 December 1949 the Netherlands recognized Indonesian independence |
| National holiday: | Independence Day, 17 August (1945) |
| Constitution: | August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959 |
| Legal system: | based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
| Suffrage: | 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age |
| Executive branch: | chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and vice president were elected by direct vote of the citizenry note: People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); it meets every five years to approve broad outlines of national policy and has yearly meetings to consider constitutional and legislative changes; it consists of popularly-elected members in the DPR and the House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD); the MPR does not formulate national policy election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president receiving 60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri received 39.4%; |
| Legislative branch: | unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (550 seats; members serve five-year terms) election results: percent of vote by party - Golkar 23.5%, PDI-P 19.9%, PPP 8.2%, PD 10.6%, PAN 9.7%, PKB 9.5%, PKS 8.2%, others 8.6%; seats by party - Golkar 129, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 57, PAN 53, PKB 52, PKS 45, others 47 note: because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the number of votes received by parties elections: last held 5 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2009) |
| Judicial branch: | Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the president from a list of candidates approved by the legislature); a separate Constitutional Court was invested by the president on 16 August 2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights |
| Political parties and leaders: | Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA, chairman]; Democratic Party or PD [Budi SANTOSO, chairman]; Functional Groups or Golkar [Akbar TANDJUNG, general chairman]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri, chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB, chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Hidayat NUR WAHID, chairman]; United Development Party or PPP [Hamzah HAZ, chairman] |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: | NA |
| International organization participation: | APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador SOEMADI Brotodiningrat FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200 chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Ralph L. BOYCE embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110 mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000 FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189 consulate(s) general: Surabaya |
| Flag description: | two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red |
| Communications | Indonesia |
| Telephones - main lines in use: | 7.75 million (2002) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular: | 11.7 million (2002) |
| Telephone system: | general assessment: domestic service fair, international service good domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system international: country code - 62; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) |
| Radio broadcast stations: | AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998) |
| Radios: | 31.5 million (1997) |
| Television broadcast stations: | 41 (1999) |
| Televisions: | 13.75 million (1997) |
| Internet country code: | .id |
| Internet hosts: | 62,036 (2003) |
| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 24 (2000) |
| Internet users: | 8 million (2002) |
| Transportation | Indonesia |
| Railways: | total: 6,458 km narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2003) |
| Highways: | total: 342,700 km paved: 158,670 km unpaved: 184,030 km (1999 est.) |
| Waterways: | 21,579 km note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km (2004) |
| Pipelines: | condensate 850 km; condensate/gas 128 km; gas 8,506 km; oil 7,472 km; oil/gas/water 66 km; refined products 1,329 km (2004) |
| Ports and harbors: | Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Makassar, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya |
| Merchant marine: | total: 718 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,192,847 GRT/4,319,739 DWT by type: bulk 47, cargo 398, chemical tanker 13, container 57, liquefied gas 6, livestock carrier 1, passenger 10, passenger/cargo 13, petroleum tanker 128, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 15, short-sea/passenger 9, specialized tanker 12, vehicle carrier 7 registered in other countries: 109 (2003 est.) foreign-owned: France 1, Germany 1, Greece 1, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 2, Japan 3, Malaysia 1, Monaco 2, Panama 1, Philippines 2, Singapore 12, Switzerland 1, United Kingdom 2, United States 1 |
| Airports: | 661 (2003 est.) |
| Airports - with paved runways: | total: 154 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 13 914 to 1,523 m: 49 under 914 m: 44 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 44 |
| Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 513 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 under 914 m: 480 (2004 est.) 914 to 1,523 m: 27 |
| Heliports: | 22 (2003 est.) |
| Military | Indonesia |
| Military branches: | Indonesia Armed Forces (TNI): Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL, including Marines, Naval Air arm), Air Force (TNI-AU) |
| Military manpower - military age and obligation: | 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2002) |
| Military manpower - availability: | males age 15-49: 66,458,805 (2004 est.) |
| Military manpower - fit for military service: | males age 15-49: 38,728,029 (2004 est.) |
| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: | males: 2,196,424 (2004 est.) |
| Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $1 billion (FY98) |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 1.3% (FY98) |
| Transnational Issues | Indonesia |
| Disputes - international: | East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the boundary remain unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which hinders a decision on a southern maritime boundary; numbers of East Timor refugees in Indonesia refuse repatriation; the Australia-East Timor 1999 maritime delimitation establishes partial maritime boundaries over part of the Timor Gap, but temporary resource-sharing agreements over an unreconciled area hamper creation of a shared maritime boundary with Indonesia; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesian secessionists, squatters and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea |
| Refugees and internally displaced persons: | IDPs: 535,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Maluku, and Central Sulawesi Provinces) (2004) |
| Illicit drugs: | illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin |
| This page was last updated on 16 December, 2004 |
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